Chapter 2. Words and Meaning
1. What are words and meaning?
Word(it is intuitively recognizable are basic units of meaning. )
Meaning (words represent meaning. It is included conceptual meaning and associative meaning.)
Conceptual Meaning(概念)(is the basic meaning presented by meaningful linguistic units.)
Associative meaning included the contents as follow:
Connotative meaning(内涵意义): (is the communicative value an expression has in addition to the purely conceptual meaning. Such as “women”)
Social meaning(社会意义): it is what a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use. Such as “residence” and “domicile”)
Affective meaning(情感意义): is communicated when the feelings or attitudes are expressed in language
Reflected meaning(影射含义): it is arises in words of multiple conceptual meaning. When one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense. Such as “the Comforter” and “the Holy Ghost” are all refer to the God.
Collocative meaning(配置意义): it is consists of associations a word gets from those words that are often used together with it.
Thematic meaning(专题意义): it is what is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes a message, in terms of ordering, focus, or emphasis. Such as active sentences and passive meaning.
2. Words and conceptual meaning
2.1 Words and culture-specific conceptual meaning
2.1.1 Words and geography
The United States of America美利坚合众国
The Mississippi蜜西西河
Superior苏必利尔湖
Niagara Falls尼亚加拉大瀑布
Rocky Mountains落矶水脉
Washington华盛顿
Poke美洲商陆(植物名)
Terrapin北美泥龟
The United Kingdom of Great大不列颠及北爱尔兰
Britain and Northern Ireland联合王国
The Thames泰晤士河
The Channel英吉利海峡
England英格兰
London伦敦
The Commonwealth of Australia澳大利亚联邦
New South Wales新南威尔士
Great Barrier Reef大保礁
Great Victoria Desert大维多利亚沙漠
Canberra勘培拉
Koala考拉熊
Kangaroo袋鼠
2.1.2 Words and history
The May Flower(五月花)
The Revolutionary War or War of Independence(独立战争)
Continental Congress(大陆会议)
Emancipation Proclamation(解放宣言)
Homestead Act(宅地法案)
Scalp(剥带发头皮)
Lynch(私刑)
Cowboy(牛仔)
Hippie(嬉皮士)
Duke(公爵)
Knight(骑士)
Glorious Revolution(光荣革命)
Castle(城堡)
Fort(要塞或堡垒式的贸易站)
2.1.3 Words and Politics
United States
President(总统)
Congress(国会)
Supreme Court(高级法院)
Democratic Party(美国民主党)
Republican Party(美国共和党)
Britain
Queen(女王)
Prime Minister(首相)
Parliament(议会)
Labour Party(工党)
Conservative Party(保守党)
Governor-General(总督)
2.1.4 Words and Christianity
Trinity(三位一体)
Bible(圣经)
Catholic(天主教)
Orthodox Eastern Church(东正教)
Reformation(宗教改革)
Protestant(新教徒)
Puritan(清教徒)
Mass(弥撒)
2.1.5 Words and Holidays
Christmas box(圣诞节礼)
Christmas Card(圣诞贺卡)
Christmas tree(圣诞树)
Christmas pudding(圣诞布丁)
Christmas rose(圣诞玫瑰)
Christmastide(圣诞节节期)
Thanksgiving Day(感恩节)
Boxing Day(节礼日)
Easter(复活节)
St. Valentine’s Day(情人节)
April Fool’s Day(愚人节)
Anzac Day(新澳军团日)
2.1.6 Words and living styles
Hot dog(热狗)
Hamburger(汉堡包)
Sandwich(三明治)
Pudding(布丁)
Salad(沙拉)
Whisky(威士忌)
Cocktail(鸡尾酒)
Drive-ins 汽车的
Diners (用餐)
Baseball (垒球)
Rugby(橄榄球)
Hockey(曲棍球)
Water skiing(滑水)
Polo(马球)
Golf(高尔夫球)
Striptease(脱衣舞)
Love store(色情商店)
X-rated sexploitation movies()
Late-late TV shows
2.2 English words that correspond partially in conceptual meaning with their translation equivalents in Chinese.
Intellectuals (知识分子)
Social sciences (社会科学)
A Yard(院子) Quadrangle Courtyards (四合院)
Drugstore(AE) Chemist’s shop (BE)(药店)
Grandfather
Grandmother
Father
Father-in-law
Mother-in-law
Brother
Sister
Son
Daughter
Grandson
Granddaughter
Uncle
Aunt
Nephew
Niece
Cousin
Chauvinist pig: 大男子主义
Dude, athlete, macho, stud, hunk, Don Juan, playboy, egotist fatty bagger: 装酷,受女性欢迎的, 自我中心主义者.
Turkey, nerd, jerk, prick, bastard, pimp, skinhead, redneck dog: 令人讨厌的,古怪的
Wimp, sissy, homosexual, queer, gay, hippie: 奇怪的, 同性恋者.
Couchwarmer:
Ladies’ man
Man, boy, guy, fellow, gentleman, boyfriend, fiancé, lover, sweet heart: 指男性的
2.3 English words and what may be mistaken for their equivalents in Chinese.
Greenhouse(温室)
Busywork(耗时而无价值的工作)
Busman’s holiday(消磨于与日常工作类似这活动的假日)
Busybody(爱管闲事的人)
Housewarming(乔迁之喜)
Donkeywork(单调的日常工作)
Police action(维和行动)
Lowboy(矮脚抽屉柜)
Free love(公开同居)
First Lady(第一夫人)
High school(中学)
Rest room(公共建筑物内的洗水间,厕所)
Equalitarianism or egalitarianism(平均主义)
Lover(情人)
Disinterested(公正的,不偏不倚的)
Cooker(炊事用具)
Wester(西风)
2.4 Words, conceptual meaning and word formation
General terms | Terms of male | Terms of female | Terms for young |
鸡chicken | 公鸡 cock | 母鸡hen | 小鸡chick |
鸭duck | 公鸭drake | 母鸭duck | 小鸭duckling |
鹅goose | 公鹅gander | 母鹅goose | 小鹅gosling |
马horse | 公马stallion | 母马mare | 小马foal |
牛cattle, cow | 公牛bull | 母牛cow | 小牛calf |
羊sheep | 公羊ram | 母羊ewe | 小羊lamb |
猪pig | 公猪boar | 母猪sow | 小猪shoat |
狗dog | 公狗dog | 母狗bitch | 小狗puppy |
猫cat | 公猫tomcat | 母猫cat | 小猫kitten |
鹿deer | 公鹿stag | 母鹿doe | 小鹿fawn |
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